VOLUME 11, ISSUE 1, JANUARY 2023

Abstract: This paper presents a study in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm in solar photovoltaic (PV). With the increase of the popularity of solar PV as power generation method, the effort of extracting maximum power output from the installed PV system remains a challenge. The study aims to identify the performance of the Moth Flame Optimization (MFO) based MPPT algorithm under constant and rapid change irradiance conditions. A simulation model of MFO MPPT algorithm is developed and implemented with a DC/DC Boost converter in MATLAB Simulink. For comparison, a conventional MPPT method, Perturb and Observe (P&O), together with a well-established Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method were also included in this study. All the MPPT algorithms were simulated under 10 constant and 10 step changing irradiance test cases. All the MPPT algorithms in study were showing the ability to achieve the maximum power operating point with output efficiency up to 99 %. The performance of MFO is comparable with PSO in term of tracking efficiency and convergence time.

Keywords: Maximum Power Point Tracking, Particle Swarm Optimization, Moth Flame Optimization, photovoltaic.

Abstract: In this Paper Distribution system load flow studies are different from those of transmission system, because of its high R/X ratio and radial nature. Several methods have been proposed earlier for doing this distribution load flow studies, but fast load flow algorithms with better results are always needed. Load flow algorithms for two feeders which are Airport Road feeder and seven sky urban feeder of PGVCL bhuj Subdivision-2 with and without inclusion of distributed generations and these are based on backward forward sweep method by using MATLAB Programming. Attention is given to number of iterations being taken for convergence, applicability for radial distribution systems for distribution systems having distributed generation where distributed generations are Photovoltaic model.

Keywords: LFS – Load Flow Study, B/F- Backward Forward Sweep Method, DG- Distributed Generator, PGVCL- Paschim Gujarat Vij company limited, Airport Road feeder, Seven sky urban feeder.

Abstract: The project proposes designing of robust railway crack detection using IR sensor assembly for railway track geometry surveying system by detecting the cracks on railway tracks. Most of the accidents in the train are caused due the cracks in the railway track, which cannot be easily identified. The two IR sensors are installed at front end of inspection robot which monitors the track and gives the status to Arduino controller. The proposed broken rail detection system automatically detects the faulty railway track without any human interference. There are many advantages with the proposed system when compared to the traditional detective techniques. The advantages include less cost, low power consumption and less analysis me and also facilitate be era safety standards for railway tracks and provide effective testing infrastructure. Most of the commercial transport is being carried out by the railway network and therefore, any problems in the same has the capacity to induce major damage to the economy-not withstanding the social impact of loss of life or limb. This project presents a cost effective yet robust solution to the problem of railway crack detection utilizing a method that is unique in the sense that while it is simple, the idea is completely novel.. The project also presents the details of the implementation results of the utilizing simple components inclusive of IR LED-PHOTODIODE based crack detector assembly. The currently existing technical solutions in the detection of cracks in rails involve periodic maintenance coupled with occasional monitoring the inspection methods like are visual inspection, ultrasonic inspection, eddy current and laser methods.

Keywords: Arduino, IR Sensors, GSM Module, GPS Module, Relay Module.

Abstract: In this paper, certain non-isolated high step-up DC-DC converter topologies operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) are reviewed. The review is presented based on the voltage gain, voltage–current stress of the power switches and diodes, the number of passive components, the efficiency, and the types of configurations. The DC- DC converter topologies considered for review are compared in terms of voltage gain pertaining to CCM for duty ratio k = 0.6. The simulation results and discussion are explored for a diode rectifier-fed high gain quadratic DC-DC converter configuration.

Keywords: CCM, DC-DC converter, Duty ratio, Quadratic converter, Voltage-current stress, Voltage gain.

Abstract: This paper presents and modern approach for water metering it uses a real time approach of monitoring the standard water quality parameters and store them for further analysis and reporting purposes. Considering the ever- increasing demand of water and the purity it become essential to develop the SMART System which can provide the real time data for decision making purposes at various ETP, WTP and STP plants. The proposed solution is one of the solutions which uses today’s technology IoT to resolve the above problems. This paper directs by taking initiative steps for presenting the water level and quality monitoring. The approach here is to collect the real time data from various sensors (water flow sensor, pH sensor, water control valve and water level sensor) and can further be monitored on software, website or mobile devices. After capturing the data from the various sensors, the data can be processed with microcontroller and stored in database and further with the help of wireless module it can be sent to the cloud environment from where it can be accessed 24x7 anywhere anytime via internet.

Keywords: Real time monitoring, water quality monitoring, IoT, cloud environment, Ph sensor, water flow sensor, water level sensor, Microcontroller, Software, Website, Wireless module

Abstract: EVs are a good substitute to reduce the emissions produced by the transportation industry. Charging stations have been set up as EVs become more and more popular. however, it is impossible to ignore the negative effects that EV charging station loads have on the distribution network's voltage stability. In this research, an analysis of two voltage stability indicators (VSIs) is provided to forecast the distributions near voltage collapse. These VSIs are based on the idea of the two-bus voltage quadratic equation. Radial distribution systems (RDS) IEEE 15-bus test system was used to assess the behavior of VSIs as base load penetration increased. These indices are differentiated to determine how well they can determine the system's weakest bus. Results indicate that this evaluation of the indices can be used to position EV chargers in the system.

Keywords: Distribution network, Voltage Stability indices, EVs Charging Station, voltage collapse.

Abstract: This Paper presents the EV charging coordination approach of the radial distribution system (RDS) for active power loss reduction, stability margin, and voltage profile enhancement. Due to the uncoordinated EV charger load placed in the RDS, some Bus are the strongest voltage stability index where as some of the Bus have the weakest VSI. a methodology to include EV charging systematically at appropriate locations in steps to optimize the loading capacity of the grid with consideration of the voltage stability limits. Since load modelling is a crucial component of an investigation of voltage stability, different EV charger load has been considered. effectively finds the next best position for EV charger in the radial distribution system and with consideration of the stability margin with help of this proposed algorithm. Here, IEEE-15 RDS is considered. This work proposes coordination with two different approaches derived from voltage stability margin. Bottom to Top and Top to Bottom approach algorithms are used for charging coordination of the considered test systems. The principal features of the proposed algorithm are the optimal distribution of the total available power, the EV charger optimal place, reduce power losses, voltage stability, and the priority given to the maximum EV charger’s maximum loading. Therefore, more active power losses are more in the heavily loaded weakest Bus as compared to the heavily loaded strongest Bus. To reduce the active power losses and enhance the voltage profile of the distribution system, coordination is done. The results show that the power loss is reduced and the voltage profile is improved by the coordinated EV charger in the test systems. This work was carried out on MATLAB Simulink 2019b software.

Keywords: Electrical vehicle, charging coordination, voltage stability index, power losses, maximum loading, EV charger, distribution system, Uncoordinated charging.

Abstract: With the boom of industrialization and urbanization from the early 20th century, the dependence upon conventional energy sources such as fossil fuels have increased tremendously. Currently, fossil fuels are depleted at an alarming rate and are also causing a hazardous impact on our environment due to the emissions of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide, oxides of Sulphur, oxides of nitrogen, etc. To mitigate such conditions, EVs are introduced where they overtake the traditional IC engines in the field of reducing environmental pollution. Integration of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind energy, hydropower, etc., can play a crucial role when it comes to the sources of charging the EVs. The promising efficiency and abundance of renewables provide an upper hand in the charging of EVs. In this paper, a survey on different charging methods of EV with renewable energy sources has been done. Charging of EV with the integration of renewable sources is advantageous due to its increased benefits.

Nowadays fossil fuels produce highly toxic and colorful exhaust gases which is very harmful to all living beings and also in future the engines which are using these fuels become obsolete due to these aspects. Hence this project is developed for the purpose of using wind energy to power and run a hybrid (electric) vehicle. A windmill generates power from wind energy and this electric power is stored in a battery, meanwhile another battery powers the vehicle alternatively. In the both the ways, the vehicle gets the power from a battery. This project could be stated as there is a compulsory need for an alternative source of fuel to power the vehicle; we can use this system as a beginning for a futuristic alternative for fossil fuels and harness the wind energy in vehicles around the world.

Keywords: wind system, Electrical vehicles, fossil fuels, renewable energy sources, conventional energy sources, efficiency, IC engines