VOLUME 14, ISSUE 9, SEPTEMBER 2026

Abstract: The increasing demand for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels has stimulated interest in lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable feedstock for bioethanol production. This study assessed the potential of unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) peels as a lignocellulosic substrate for bioethanol production, with emphasis on physicochemical composition, reducing sugar recovery, inhibitor reduction and ethanol yield. Fresh unripe plantain peels were washed, sundried, milled and subjected to combined pretreatment using a combination of 10% formic acid and 5% tetraoxosulphate vi acid at 121oC for 30min, followed by acid hydrolysis. The physicochemical composition of the raw and pretreated biomass were determine using standard methods. The raw unripe plantain peel contained 54.34% carbohydrate, 28.60 cellulose, 17.40% hemicelluloses and 13.80% lignin. Following acid pretreatment, cellulose increased to 48.63.%, while hemicelluloses and lignin decreased to 8.63% and 7.46% respectively, indicating effective disruption of the biomass structure. The acid hydrolysis of the pretreated biomass produced a hydrolysate with 21.59g/l reducing sugars, corresponding to 51.80% sugar recovery. Detoxification of the hydrolysate using overliming and activated at 1:3 and 3:1 ratios reduces the inhibitor index by 40,98% and 54.76% respectively, with 3:1 ratio showing greater detoxification efficiency. Fermentation of the hydrolysate using yeast produced an ethanol concentration of 3.82g and 14.86% yield for undetoxified sample, 6.43g and 38.91% yield at 1:3 ratio, and 8.42g and 50.18% at 3:1 detoxification ratio. The findings demonstrate that unripe plantain peels possesses considerable potential as a renewable lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol production. Valorization of unripe plantain peel waste contributes to waste management, renewable energy generation, and sustainable biofuel development.

Keywords: Lignocellulosic biomass, Renewable energy, unripe plantain peels, Fossil fuel, Bioethanol

Abstract: The fast growth of human-machine interaction has created a need for simple, easy-to-use, and contactless ways to control electronic devices.
Traditional control systems usually rely on physical switches, buttons, or wired connections, which might not always be convenient or flexible. This research introduces a low-cost Hand-Gesture Controlled LED Blinking Effect system that lets users control LED lighting and blinking patterns using specific hand gestures. The system uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller, HC-05 Bluetooth module, LED lights, resistors, and a breadboard to offer wireless control of the LED circuit. In this approach, hand gestures are recognized as set control commands and sent wirelessly via the HC-05 Bluetooth module.
The Arduino Uno receives and processes these commands based on the programmed logic. Depending on the received command, the microcontroller controls the connected LEDs and creates the appropriate blinking effect. Various commands can be linked to different LED actions, such as turning the LED on or off, adjusting the blinking speed, or forming blinking patterns. This method removes the need for direct physical contact with the LED control setup and provides an easy way to show gesture-based device control.
The system emphasizes simplicity, affordability, ease of use, and dependable wireless communication. The experimental setup shows that an Arduino-based platform can effectively handle Bluetooth-based gesture commands and control LED outputs with minimal hardware. The proposed system serves as a fundamental model for understanding gesture-based human-machine interaction, embedded systems, and wireless control technologies. Also, the idea can be expanded to control multiple LEDs and other electronic devices by adding more control commands and appropriate hardware. Possible uses include smart lighting systems, home automation, assistive technology, interactive electronic devices, educational projects, and touchless control systems. This work highlights the potential of combining gesture- based interaction with affordable microcontrollers and Bluetooth technology to build accessible and scalable electronic control systems.

Keywords: Hand Gesture Recognition, Arduino Uno, HC-05 Bluetooth Module, LED Control, Wireless

Abstract: This research presents a simulation-based performance investigation of a 5.8 GHz microstrip patch antenna using locally available natural materials as dielectric substrates. Natural substrates, including Bamboo, Wood, Paper, Cotton and Palm fiber, were characterized alongside standard FR-4 dielectric material. The analytical framework evaluated fundamental dielectric parameters, including relative permittivity (εr), loss tangent (tan δ), imaginary permittivity (ε″) and effective permittivity (εeff), revealing an inverse relationship between εr and required patch footprint (ranging from 15.798 mm × 11.803 mm for FR-4 up to 22.683 mm × 19.139 mm for Cotton). Closed-form transmission line equations produced an initial analytical frequency offset of 9.58% to 12.28% above the 5.8 GHz target, necessitating numerical co-optimization in CST Studio Suite. Benchmark validation of custom FR-4 (εr = 4.36, tan δ = 0.01) against CST’s built-in library model confirmed numerical model fidelity across 4–7 GHz. Full-wave CST simulations demonstrated that Cotton (εr = 1.6, tan δ = 0.0015) achieved superior performance with the highest radiation efficiency (67.0%) and peak gain (3.66 dBi), outperforming all other natural dielectrics. Wood and Palm fiber provided strong impedance matching (S11 = −35.31 dB and −33.36 dB; VSWR = 1.35 and 1.13) with moderate efficiencies (45.8% and 41.2%). Paper exhibited the highest attenuation (tan δ = 0.04), yielding the lowest radiation efficiency (29.8%) and peak gain (1.45 dBi). These findings establish the viability of natural dielectrics for eco-friendly wireless systems while delineating key physical trade-offs in substrate loss and antenna geometry.

Keywords: Microstrip patch antenna, Natural dielectric substrate, 5.8 GHz ISM band,CST Studio Suite,Radiation efficiency, Eco-friendly antenna

Abstract: The rapid deployment of fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication systems has significantly increased the demand for compact, high-frequency, low-power and energy-efficient radio-frequency integrated circuits. Frequency generation is one of the most critical functions in a 5G transceiver because phase-locked loops (PLLs), frequency synthesizers, clock generators and local oscillators directly influence system power consumption, phase noise, frequency stability and communication performance. Conventional LC-tank voltage-controlled oscillators (LC-VCOs) provide excellent phase-noise performance but suffer from large silicon area, limited frequency tuning flexibility and relatively high implementation complexity. CMOS ring oscillators and ring-based voltage-controlled oscillators (RO-VCOs), in contrast, provide attractive advantages in terms of compact area, wide tuning range, digital compatibility and low power consumption.

Recent IEEE research has demonstrated substantial progress in ring-oscillator-based frequency generation for wireless

jitter limitations of ring oscillators remain important challenges for 5G applications. Recent approaches include current- starved delay cells, pseudo-differential architectures, digitally controlled ring oscillators, injection locking, multi-phase generation, adaptive tuning, supply-noise suppression and advanced CMOS/FinFET technologies. This paper systematically reviews these developments and analyzes the trade-offs among power consumption, oscillation frequency, tuning range, phase noise, jitter, area and figure of merit (FoM).

Particular attention is given to the relationship between oscillator energy efficiency and sustainable 5G communication. A comparative analysis of recent IEEE publications is presented, followed by a taxonomy of CMOS ring-oscillator architectures and identification of important research gaps. The review indicates that future energy-efficient 5G/6G ring oscillators should combine adaptive power management, low-voltage operation, digitally assisted calibration, improved phase-noise suppression and technology-aware delay-cell optimization.

Keywords: CMOS, ring oscillator, ring VCO, voltage-controlled oscillator, low power, energy efficiency, 5G, 6G, PLL, phase noise, jitter, frequency synthesizer, sustainable communication, VLSI.