Intelligent superconducting DC–DC double-boost converter for ultra-fast EV charging, featuring liquid hydrogen cooling and AI-based PWM Control

Abstract: The global push for electric road transport requires a major change in charging infrastructure, especially in terms of throughput, conversion efficiency, and operational scalability. This paper formulates, mathematically delineates, and empirically substantiates an Artificially Intelligent Superconducting DC–DC Double-Boost Converter (AI-SBC) designed for rapid battery electric vehicle (BEV) charging. The converter uses high-temperature superconducting (HTS) Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃Oₓ (Bi2223) and magnesium diboride (MgB₂) windings as inductive elements that don't lose energy. Each winding is kept at cryogenic temperature by a closed-loop liquid hydrogen (LH₂) thermosiphon. A new fuzzy-logic duty- cycle modulator with an embedded Ripple-Frequency Optimizer (RFO) changes the switching frequency in real time to reduce inductor current ripple while also controlling CC and CV charging modes. State-space averaging makes a small- signal model that is easy to use and from which stability margins and frequency-domain characteristics can be found. When compared to a copper-coil baseline in MATLAB/Simulink studies, both types of superconductors show that the MgB₂ configuration has an electrical conversion efficiency of 95.8% at 15 kW, which is 10–17 percentage points better than the copper reference. The Bi2223 design gets 93.2% in the same conditions. Through smart frequency modulation, the total harmonic distortion of the inductor current drops by 34% compared to the fixed-frequency baseline. The time it takes to recover from a 50% load step goes from 95 ms with a standard PI regulator to 38 ms with the proposed FLC. The architecture is a scalable, net-zero-aligned way for next-generation ultra-fast EV charging to go from 15 kW to several hundred kilowatts.

Keywords: Battery electric vehicle (BEV) charging, Bi2223 superconducting coil, DC–DC double-boost converter, fuzzy logic control, liquid hydrogen cooling, MgB₂ superconductor, superconducting boost converter (SBC), and ultra- fast charging.