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National Conference on Innovations in Engineering & Technology
NCIET-2020
🏫 Organized by: Govt., Polytechnic College, Palakkad, Kerala
📖 Volume: Vol. 8, Special Issue 1, February 2020
Investigation of Physical Parameters Influencing Composting Using Effective Micorobe’s
Aiswarya C, Ananthakrishnan A, Divya Chandran, Dr.Resmi G
Modelling of Operating Speed in Horizontal Alignment of Two-Lane Rural Highway
Dona Joy, Jisha Akkara, Anitha Jacob
Evaluation of Current Design Practices for Horizontal Curves on Rural Highways Based on Vehicle Stability and Safety
Y K Remya, Anitha Jacob, E A Subaida
Disease Detection in Spinach Leaves using Image Processing and Machine Learning
Akshara R Sankar, Sneha S
An Overview about QoS Improvement by Enhanced ACO in Hybrid and Reactive Routing Protocols in MANET
Anila.V K, Dr.Asha.T S
A Survey on Image Captioning Techniques using Deep Learning
Hamdha Sherief, Bincy K, Arathi M, Surabhi C, Rafeeque P C
Analysis and Design of Artificial Intelligence System for the Prediction of Pulmonary Diseases
Alfy Anaz, Bexy Benny, Dimple Babu, Elizabeth Joshy, Cerene Mariam Abraham
Automatic Traffic Control Signal System
Neena M K, Manju M S, Alakananda T N, Salima K.S, Krishnapriya T U, Devika P G
Classification and Feature Extraction of Alzheimer’s from Structural MRI
Anitta V J, Mohamed Salih K K
High Speed and Low Area FIR Filter Implementation Based on Dadda Multiplier Design
Irshadali CM, Asmabi V
MMSE Adaptive Beam Forming Algorithms for WCDMA Mobile Communication System
Shibila T M, Abdul Rias P
Machine Learning for Detection and Classification of Fetal Brain Abnormalities: A Review
Seethal Sasindran, P.Nandakumar
Performance Analysis of 13 Level Multilevel Inverter for PV Application
Ashly George, T G Sanishkumar
Bi-Directional Power Flow Water Pumping Using UVT Generation Technique
Aswathi Aravind, Anil Kumar V M
Simulation of A Solar Powered Water Pumping System Using Induction Motor
Unnima Unnikrishnan, Aneesh V A
Water Consumption Control and Quality Monitoring System
Dr Jayalakshmi B, A Nandhan, Vishnu P, Akhil Chidambaram R, Thasna S
Control of Automation in Filling Process through Smartphone
Basil Salman C K, Shahil, Rahul Krishnan H, Shafeen K N, Dhanya Raveendran
Sustainable Method of CNG Production Using Carbon Dioxide and Water
Dr. Vinod V, Mohamed Saheer Marakathel
Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Sic, Fly-Ash Reinforced Aluminium Alloy Hybrid Composites
Maraparambil Ramachandran, Dr. K.K.Padmanabhan
Identification of Peak Hours of Noise Pollution at Sensitive Locations of Kasaragod District: Impact, Analysis and Control Measures
Solomon Joseph, Jais Jacob, Adarsh K.P, M. Chandrakumar
Cellular Manufacturing System Design for Multi-Objective Criteria using Meta heuristic Approach
Satheesan M.P, Dr. S.S. Banwait
Skill Development of Polytechnic College Students Through Project-based Learning (PBL), with Special Reference to the ‘Formula Maruti Car Project’ of Department of Automobile Engineering, Government Polytechnic College, Attingal, Kerala
Premjith P, Preetha P.S
Enhancement of Spectral Efficiency in LTE-Advanced Network through Fractional Frequency Reuse
Kannan M, Jayakrishnaraj G
Measurement and Comparison of the Total Response of Bio-fuelled CI Engine with & without an additive
P.V.CHANDRAN
Abstract
Investigation of Physical Parameters Influencing Composting Using Effective Micorobe’s
Aiswarya C, Ananthakrishnan A, Divya Chandran, Dr.Resmi G
Abstract: Waste management and treatment is one of the biggest problems in the world. Around 50% of the waste in the world is organic in nature. Household waste is one among them. Many innovative technologies have been reported in solid waste management and research is still going on. Composting is considered as an acceptable technology for biodegradable waste management all over the world. The influence of physical parameters such as pH and temperature were studied. It was observed that there was significant influence of EM solution in the decomposition and accelerators at controlled conditions were contributing to fast composting Effective Microbial (EM) Technology is a natural and probiotic process carried out by using microbial culture consisting of beneficial and highly efficient microorganisms that are non-toxic and non-pathogenic. The objectives of this projects also include identification of the best accelerator to promote fast composting. Studies were conducted to identify the physical parameters influencing composting using effective microbes.
Keywords: Composting, household waste management, EM technology, organic waste utilization, inoculums.
Keywords: Composting, household waste management, EM technology, organic waste utilization, inoculums.
Abstract
Modelling of Operating Speed in Horizontal Alignment of Two-Lane Rural Highway
Dona Joy, Jisha Akkara, Anitha Jacob
Abstract: Road accidents are most frequent and cause damage to human life and property. One of the main causes of road accidents is lack of geometric design consistency. Design consistency is defined as the relationship between the geometric characteristics of a highway which is comfortable for safe driving. The objective of this project is to develop a new operating speed model in which geometric features of alignment are considered and also to evaluate design consistency with operating speed. Geometric survey was carried out on the study stretch. Then spot speed data collection was conducted manually. From the spot speed data collected, 85th percentile speed was computed for all type of vehicles. Database include radius of curvature, curve length, deflection angle, width of road, level difference, degree of curvature, superelevation, tangent length, traffic volume, sight distance and skid number. Scatter plot was plotted to find out relationship between operating speed and various geometric parameters. Then a correlation matrix was formed from the database using the software SPSS. Significant variables found to be different for different types of vehicles. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed. Models having greater R2 value for each vehicle type were identified. Then validation was performed and selected model with least root mean square error value. Also, consistency evaluation was done based on Lamm’s criteria. Based on the criteria curves were identified as relatively good, fair and poor for all type of vehicles. This criterion makes a designer to make suitable modifications in the design from the safety point of view.
Keywords: Design consistency, Operating speed, Geometric parameters, Consistency.
Keywords: Design consistency, Operating speed, Geometric parameters, Consistency.
Abstract
Effect of Road Geometry on Driver Eye Blink Rate
Jisha Akkara, Anitha Jacob, Subaida E A
Abstract: Safety on roads is a growing concern as accidents cause social and economic losses. Geometric design consistency can be considered as an engineering tool to evaluate the safety performance of road design. Among different measures to evaluate geometric consistency, driver workload measure directly considers the effect of geometry on drivers. The rate of eye blink can be used as a measure of driver’s work load on curves. The objective of this paper is to correlate driver eye blink rate on horizontal curves on two lane rural highways. Preliminary analysis showed that radius, curve length, deflection angle, shoulder width and minimum sight distance available at curves are found to be correlated to rate of eye blinking either directly or based on their deviation from normal values
Keywords: Design Consistency, Driver Workload, Road Geometry, Eye Blink, Road Safety, Rural Highway.
Keywords: Design Consistency, Driver Workload, Road Geometry, Eye Blink, Road Safety, Rural Highway.
Abstract
Economic Analysis of Congestion –A Case Study
I.P.Malavika, Vincy Verghese
Abstract: Economic cost of traffic congestion is one of the most discussed issues in an economy and time is our non-renewable resources, which cannot be regained if lost. Many people lose their job, life, money, and etc. due to delay which is associated with congestion. Also, traffic congestion creates more stress and difficulties for drivers, cyclist and pedestrians. This research paper aims to analyse the opportunity cost associated with the selected road stretch in the Palakkad city in order to quantify the intensity of congestion & the results obtained indicated that there is a considerable monetary loss due to delay during peak hours of the day.
Keywords: Congestion; Delay; Value of Time; Opportunity cost.
Keywords: Congestion; Delay; Value of Time; Opportunity cost.
Abstract
Influence of Pavement Condition on Headway and Average Travel Speed
Silpa Sekhar G, Vincy Verghese
Abstract: Pavement surface conditions have an influence on traffic safety, operating speed, manoeuvrability, and driver comfort and service volume. Although many researchers have studied the influence of different roadway characteristics on traffic stream characteristics and performance, little research has been conducted to investigate the impact of pavement conditions on traffic stream characteristics. To evaluate the capacity and service level of road section accurately, it is necessary to study the quantified influence of pavement on headway and average travel speed. In this project work, pothole width, rut depth etc. were used as indicators to evaluate the status of damaged pavements. Based on the parameter surveyed on different pavement sections, the effects of pavement condition on headway and average travel speed are analysed. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of pavement condition on headway and average travel speed. From the study it was identified that the pavement condition has a greater influence on speed and headway. Section 5, 7, 10, 11 are in good condition and section 15 is rated as serious. Maximum speed obtained is 52.5 kmph and minimum speed obtained is 25 kmph. It is found that at distressed sections headway value is high and average speed value obtained is less. Models were developed to predict the headway and average speed based on shoulder width, flow and PCI value.
Keywords: Pavement distress, Headway, Average speed, PCI value.
Keywords: Pavement distress, Headway, Average speed, PCI value.
Abstract
Evaluation of Current Design Practices for Horizontal Curves on Rural Highways Based on Vehicle Stability and Safety
Y K Remya, Anitha Jacob, E A Subaida
Abstract: All over the world India bangs the top most position in deaths caused by road crashes. Over 1 lakh people are killed or seriously injured in road crashes in India every year, that is more than the number of people killed in all our wars put together. Sixteen children die on Indian rroads daily and there is at least one death every four minutes. Majority of the crashes are found to take place on rural highways. Rural highways are characterized by a low traffic volume and hence, speed of the vehicles is mainly controlled by the geometry. The topological conditions of India have resulted in very complex curves which include combination of horizontal curve and steep gradients up or down. In such environment, the drivers tend to choose the speeds that they perceive to be comfortable to them based on their perception of the criticality of the road geometrics ahead. Any unexpected road feature in the highway may surprise the drivers and may result in erroneous driving manoeuvres, which in turn, may end up in road crashes. As highways are meant for high speed travel, the impact of any collision that takes place will be grievous or fatal. Hence, the highways have to be designed such that their geometry directs the drivers to choose the operating speed which is in harmony with the environment.
A large number of studies are done to evaluate the effect of geometry on operating speed of rural curves. But only a few researches are done to assess the effect of geometry on the stability of vehicles. Skidding and rollover crashes are increasing dramatically, the first being more common in small vehicles like cars and the latter being more common in heavy commercial vehicles like trucks. The availability of sufficient lateral friction to counteract centrifugal force experienced by a vehicle on curve is least studied, especially in India. The values of lateral friction adopted for design of horizontal curves were developed eighty years ago by Barnett 1936; Moyer and Berry 1940. Since then, vehicle fleet has changed completely and hence the demand for lateral friction may also have changed. But the point mass equation widely used for design of horizontal curve relies on lateral friction values developed by them. Also, the equation ignores the effect of vehicular characteristics or complexity of curve geometry. So, studies focusing on revision of geometric design criteria of horizontal curves based on vehicle stability and assessment of existing margin of safety or in other words, a quantitative assessment of risk involved affecting the stability of vehicles is very important. In this paper an effort has been made to identify the gaps in current design practices and to exhibit current status of study in the field of vehicle stability on rural highways.
Keywords: Skidding, Friction, Vehicle Stability, Rollover.
A large number of studies are done to evaluate the effect of geometry on operating speed of rural curves. But only a few researches are done to assess the effect of geometry on the stability of vehicles. Skidding and rollover crashes are increasing dramatically, the first being more common in small vehicles like cars and the latter being more common in heavy commercial vehicles like trucks. The availability of sufficient lateral friction to counteract centrifugal force experienced by a vehicle on curve is least studied, especially in India. The values of lateral friction adopted for design of horizontal curves were developed eighty years ago by Barnett 1936; Moyer and Berry 1940. Since then, vehicle fleet has changed completely and hence the demand for lateral friction may also have changed. But the point mass equation widely used for design of horizontal curve relies on lateral friction values developed by them. Also, the equation ignores the effect of vehicular characteristics or complexity of curve geometry. So, studies focusing on revision of geometric design criteria of horizontal curves based on vehicle stability and assessment of existing margin of safety or in other words, a quantitative assessment of risk involved affecting the stability of vehicles is very important. In this paper an effort has been made to identify the gaps in current design practices and to exhibit current status of study in the field of vehicle stability on rural highways.
Keywords: Skidding, Friction, Vehicle Stability, Rollover.
Abstract
A Survey on Malware Analysis
C. Reshma, Smithamol M B
Abstract: Software that “deliberately fulfils the harmful intent of an attacker” is referred to as malicious software or malware. Malware is today one of the biggest security threats to the Internet. Malware refers to any binary or executable that is malicious. Viruses, worms, trojans, backdoors and adware are a few examples that fall under the umbrella of malware. Malware analysis is the process of analysing a malware sample/binary and extracting as much information as possible from it. The information we extract helps us understand the scope of the functionality of the malware, how the software was infected with the malware and how to defend against similar attacks in the future. Malware analysis experiments were carried out using the two techniques of malware analysis which are Static and Dynamic analysis. Static analysis is the process of analysing malware without executing or running it. The objective is to extract as much metadata from the malware as possible. Dynamic analysis is the process of executing malware and analysing its functionality and behavior. The objective is to investigate techniques that are used in order to effectively perform malware analysis and detection on enterprise systems to reduce the damage of malware attacks on the operation of organization’s and to understand exactly how and what the malware does during the execution. The variants of malware families share typical behavioral patterns reflecting their origin and purpose. The behavioral patterns obtained either statically or dynamically can be exploited to detect and classify unknown malwares. The results showed that dynamic analysis is more effective than static analysis. Both the techniques are used for a comprehensive malware analysis and detection.
Keywords: Malware, Static analysis, dynamic analysis and Obfuscation.
Keywords: Malware, Static analysis, dynamic analysis and Obfuscation.
Abstract
Disease Detection in Spinach Leaves using Image Processing and Machine Learning
Akshara R Sankar, Sneha S
Abstract: The 45% primary sector of our nation depends greatly on the growth and development of vegetables and edible leaves especially during hot summer where that won’t be a suitable period for other major staple productions. The spinach leaves paves a great role in that manner. The unhealthy leaves can cause decreased production that thus can lead indirectly to the declined development of the nation. Thus, we need to find a solution for the cause. Considering a general solution, it requisite enormous amount of work, mystery in the leaf diseases and it also needs huge amount of time. Thus, Image processing techniques along with the Machine learning algorithms can make process easier and successful. Spinach leaf disease detection and identification includes the process like acquisition, pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, classification and SMTP functioning. This paper discusses techniques for image pre-processing, image segmentation algorithm used for automatic recognition and research on various plant leaf disease classification algorithms that may be used for leaves disease classification.
Keywords: Image processing; Segmentation; Correlation; K-mean cluster Algorithm.
Keywords: Image processing; Segmentation; Correlation; K-mean cluster Algorithm.
Abstract
An Overview about QoS Improvement by Enhanced ACO in Hybrid and Reactive Routing Protocols in MANET
Anila.V K, Dr.Asha.T S
Abstract: Adhoc networks are networks of wireless connectivity between various hops, frequently changing network topology and the efficient dynamic routing protocols that are needed and plays an important role too. Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid are different classes of routing protocols. An on-demand and Hybrid routing strategy are popular routing category in mobile adhoc networks. On comparing the other protocols the ZRP that is Zonal routing protocols the hybrid which provide best node mobility performances. Here the Ant colony optimization approach is introduced in order to get an optimal path selection in network scenario. It is essential for the tactical communication that needs the essential quality of service. By providing enhanced Ant colony optimization the pheromone value that is the behaviour of ants used here are continously updated that is enhancement by using the parameters like residual signal strength, energy, hop count, etc... to get the optimal results which helps to get a very good performance results while in a highly mobile tactical environment too. In this work an attempt of review has been made to study the behaviour of an enhanced technique combining Hybrid routing protocol and the Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector protocol with Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) that can increase various QoS requirements.
Keywords: ACO-AODV, FDR-PSO, FF-AOMDV, Sonnet.
Keywords: ACO-AODV, FDR-PSO, FF-AOMDV, Sonnet.
Abstract
A Survey on Image Captioning Techniques using Deep Learning
Hamdha Sherief, Bincy K, Arathi M, Surabhi C, Rafeeque P C
Abstract: Image captioning is an emerging technology in the field of computer vision and machine learning. It has been an important research topic in the recent years as it involves understanding images and language modeling. Image captioning requires recognizing the important objects, their attributes and their interactions in an image. It also needs to generate syntactically correct and semantically accurate sentences. Traditional machine learning based methods and deep machine learning based methods can be used to achieve this. Deep learning-based techniques are better capable of handling the complexities and challenges of image captioning over traditional methods. In this survey paper, we aim to present a review of existing image captioning techniques focusing primarily on deep-learning based methods. We discuss the foundation of the techniques, their strengths, limitations and analyze their performances.
Keywords: Image captioning, novel concept, deep learning, computer vision.
Keywords: Image captioning, novel concept, deep learning, computer vision.
Abstract
Analysis and Design of Artificial Intelligence System for the Prediction of Pulmonary Diseases
Alfy Anaz, Bexy Benny, Dimple Babu, Elizabeth Joshy, Cerene Mariam Abraham
Abstract: Report generated by radiologists using chest X-rays has significant potential to improve clinical patient care. Diagnosing chest X-rays can be challenging and sometimes more difficult than diagnosis via chest CT imaging. Lack of availability of well- trained radiologists and delayed report generation results in long waiting time which indeed leads to delayed medical assistance. As the interpretation of chest X-rays is time consuming, we propose a system that assist the medical professionals in doing the same job within minimum time. In this work, the proposed system can detect heart and pulmonary diseases such as pneumonia and enlargement of heart from chest radiographs at a level equal to the knowledge and skill set of practicing radiologist. The system employs artificial intelligence techniques. Using such techniques improves a patient's overall treatment with less hospital time and can also be used to deliver high-quality and cost-effective care. Its focus is to produce accurate disease profiles to power downstream tasks such as diagnosis and care providing.
Keywords: Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Recurrent Neural Network, Image augmentation, Reinforcement Learning.
Keywords: Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Recurrent Neural Network, Image augmentation, Reinforcement Learning.
Abstract
Automatic Traffic Control Signal System
Neena M K, Manju M S, Alakananda T N, Salima K.S, Krishnapriya T U, Devika P G
Abstract: Automatic Traffic control systems are widely used to monitor and control the flow of automobiles through the junction of many roads. They aim to realize smooth motion of cars in the transportation routes. However, the synchronization of multiple traffic light systems at adjacent intersections is a complicated problem given the various parameters involved. Conventional systems do not handle variable flows approaching the junctions. In addition, the mutual interference between adjacent traffic light systems, the disparity of cars flows with time, the accidents, the passage of emergency vehicles, and the pedestrian crossing are not implemented in the existing traffic system. This leads to traffic jam and congestion. This project aims to solve this problem.
Keywords: Traffic Control Systems, Vehicles, Traffic Jam.
Keywords: Traffic Control Systems, Vehicles, Traffic Jam.
Abstract
Classification and Feature Extraction of Alzheimer’s from Structural MRI
Anitta V J, Mohamed Salih K K
Abstract: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neuro-degenerative disease which causes cell death and damage for the tissues in the brain. AD condition causes memory loss which disrupts their daily activity and they ultimately gets detached from their own surroundings. The Progression of Alzheimer’s disease can be controlled by early detection. The proposed methodology uses structural Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) for AD detection. From MRI data AD can be classified into three different stages such as Cognitive Normal (CN), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s Disease. Initially MRI image is preprocessed which includes contrast enhancement and skull stripping. Then preprocessed image is segmented to gray matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid. After feature extraction, by some machine learning models the brain image is classified as normal vs Alzheimer’s.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s Disease, Magnetic Resonance Image, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s Disease, Magnetic Resonance Image, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest.
Abstract
A Survey on Smart Hydroponics for Sustainable Agriculture
Femina.K, P. Nandakumar
Abstract: Since India is an agro-based nation, different agricultural methods should be developed other than the conventional methods. From earlier period to 21st century the various changes have been took place in climate. So, to meet these environmental changes, need to develop a sustainable agricultural method. Hydroponics is a sustainable agricultural method since it is soilless, independent of environment, and produces quality crop. Combining the new trends of technology like IoT could bring a revolutionary change in the agricultural field. Smart hydroponics using emerging technology could be a milestone in cultivation field has it automates, controls, monitors, and manages the all system effectively and remotely without any manual assessment. It provides healthy and good agricultural product and also helps to increase the yield.
Keywords: Hydroponics, IoT (Internet of Things), Agriculture, soilless, technology.
Keywords: Hydroponics, IoT (Internet of Things), Agriculture, soilless, technology.
Abstract
High Speed and Low Area FIR Filter Implementation Based on Dadda Multiplier Design
Irshadali CM, Asmabi V
Abstract: Today every circuit has to face the power consumption issue for both portable devices aiming at large battery life and high-end circuits avoiding cooling packages and reliability issues that are too complex. It is generally accepted that during logic synthesis power tracks well with area. This means that a larger design will generally consume more power. The multiplier is an important kernel of digital signal processors. Because of the circuit complexity, the power consumption and area are the two important design considerations of the multiplier. In this paper a High Speed & low area architecture for the Dadda Multiplier is proposed. For getting the High Speed & lower area architecture, the modifications made to the conventional architecture consist of the reduction in switching activities of the major blocks of the multiplier, which includes the reduction in switching activity of the adder and counter. This architecture is used in FIR Filter Design. The simulation result for 8 bit multipliers & four tap Filters shows that the proposed low Area & Delay architecture lowers the total Area & Delay when compared to the Booth Multiplier and Dadda Multiplier architecture based Filter.
Keywords: Finite Impulse Response (FIR), Dadda Multiplier, Booth Multiplier.
Keywords: Finite Impulse Response (FIR), Dadda Multiplier, Booth Multiplier.
Abstract
Trends in Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Techniques
Krishna M, Job Chunkath
Abstract: Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) is a crucial technology that allows the Fifth-Generation (5G) wireless networks to cater to the growing call for of massive connectivity, high data rates, low latency, and, increased spectral efficiency. Unlike conventional Orthogonal Multiple Access techniques, NOMA serves multiple customers in a single resource block including a time slot, frequency or code. The distinction between signals is achieved by the use of different power levels. The important purpose of this paper is to offer a quick review of NOMA along with the recent advances and challenges.
Keywords: Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC), Power Domain NOMA.
Keywords: Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC), Power Domain NOMA.
Abstract
Sports Video Classification – A Review
Narayana Naik P, Prof. Nishil Kumar P.P
Abstract: Video classification is a boundless topic. The Sports video classification is fundamental one and has considerable importance for archiving digital content in broadcasting companies. It is the process of classifying unknown sports video into the type of sport being played. This review paper analyses the different methods such as Neural Net, Texture code cue, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and automatic thresholding, Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Hidden Markov model (HMM), CNN and RNN based Spatial and Temporal analysis in sports video classification based on sequential frame dataset. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is the basic one to extract features of images. Machine learning, as well as deep learning, approaches are popular for image recognition and classification. The simple and sophisticated method for video classification is “Transfer learning”. It uses a simple and publicly available dataset. Transfer learning is the process of using a system or model, trained for one particular purpose to the other similar and specific purpose. VGG16 is a well- known pre-trained model for image classification. This model is considered for video classification.
Keywords: Neural Net, PCA, MFCC, SVM, HMM, CNN and RNN, Transfer learning.
Keywords: Neural Net, PCA, MFCC, SVM, HMM, CNN and RNN, Transfer learning.
Abstract
MMSE Adaptive Beam Forming Algorithms for WCDMA Mobile Communication System
Shibila T M, Abdul Rias P
Abstract: Smart antenna technologies are very important for the system implementation. Smart Antennas serve different users by radiating narrow beams. The same frequency can be reused even if the users are in the same cell or the users are well separated. Thus, the capacity of the system is increased by implementing this additional intra cell reuse. This paper discusses algorithms developed for smart antenna applications to WCDMA. The Minimum mean-square error (MMSE) Algorithm is an adaptive beam forming algorithms used in smart antennas.
Keywords: Minimum mean-square error (MMSE), Maximum likelihood (ML), Adaptive beam forming, smart antenna.
Keywords: Minimum mean-square error (MMSE), Maximum likelihood (ML), Adaptive beam forming, smart antenna.
Abstract
Dynamic Key Based Encryption Scheme in Wireless Communication System
Vismaya M, Job Chunkath
Abstract: Cryptography plays a key function in protecting data, integrity, and confidentiality in the data system. Mainly cryptography is classified as symmetric and asymmetric. The combination of both is known as sessional keys. The dynamic key has the advantage over the sessional key as the session duration problem will not be affecting it and there is no key exchange between the sender and receiver in each session. The dynamic key can be symmetric or asymmetric and the symmetric dynamic key is used in this project. The dynamic key-based phase and permutation encryption scheme are analyzed in 4G technology which uses an OFDM based communication system. The encryption is applied to post-IFFT in OFDM based 4G technology. Performance is analyzed in terms of BER of both dynamic key-based encryption scheme.
Keywords: OFDM, Dynamic Key, Permutation Encryption, Phase Encryption, BER.
Keywords: OFDM, Dynamic Key, Permutation Encryption, Phase Encryption, BER.
Abstract
Machine Learning for Detection and Classification of Fetal Brain Abnormalities: A Review
Seethal Sasindran, P.Nandakumar
Abstract: Machine learning is an powerful tool that allow the computers to learn automatically without human assistance. It can be applied for medical images to help physicians in rendering medical diagnoses. Since human brain is one of the most complex and sophisticated organ in human body, study of it’s structure, function and disease is important. The development of the brain begins at the first few weeks after conception. Brain development is adversely affected by preterm birth. As approximately 3 in 1000 women are pregnant with a fetal of abnormal brain, detecting and classifying fetal brain abnormalities is important. Machine learning is a very good approach and can be used for early detection of fetal brain abnormalities, thus we can improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment planning. I present an detailed review of machine learning techniques applied for the detection and classification of fetal brain abnormalities.
Keywords: Fetal brain, Machine learning, Random forest classifier, SVM
Keywords: Fetal brain, Machine learning, Random forest classifier, SVM
Abstract
Detection of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Thasni V S, Subhija E N
Abstract: Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) is an eye disease, and which leads to severe blindness. Early detection of the same can save the patient's eyesight. This paper discussed a review of different methods of detection of AMD. The detection method uses different features for classification purposes. This paper explains a survey based on the analysis of AMD disease evaluation methods in terms of the retinal fundus image in both clinical perspective and machine learning views.
Keywords: Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Drusen, Retina.
Keywords: Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Drusen, Retina.
Abstract
Wireless Sensor Network for Industry 4.0
Vinod K, Kanika Sharma
Abstract: This paper provides a sneak view on the scope of wireless sensor network in industry 4.0. These networks have got a vital role in future industries in terms its monitoring, safety and thus the productivity in the factory. Many small embedded sensors capable of acquiring information from the surrounding are deployed at different parts of the industrial equipment. These sensors continuously monitor the technical parameters and communicate with a centralized base station which is linked with the cloud system. The type of sensor network to be implemented is based upon the industrial environment.
Keywords: Wireless Senor Network, Base Station, Sensor Node, Industry 4.0, Internet of Things.
Keywords: Wireless Senor Network, Base Station, Sensor Node, Industry 4.0, Internet of Things.
Abstract
Trends in Acoustic Feedback Suppression Methods
Harsha K K, Premanand B
Abstract: In audio amplifier systems, the acoustic feedback causes howling noise, which affects the quality of the audio signal. Detection and suppression of this howling noise is a requirement in Public Addressing (PA) systems, hearing aids, and telecommunication systems. The nature of howling signals, their spectrum, and effects on speech signal have been studied and presented in this paper. This paper also reviews the methods used for howling detection, and suppression in an acoustic environment. By adjusting the gain and altering the positions of the microphone, and speakers are the manual methods used to avoid howling. Automatically adjusting the parameters of the system, and not allowing it to enter into an unstable state is a crucial thing in audio system. Howling can be identified from the input signal using its temporal & spatial parameters. The commonly used method makes use of notch filters for suppressing the howling noise. Other methods include automatic equalization, automatic gain control, etc.
Keywords: Acoustic feedback, Howling, Adaptive filter.
Keywords: Acoustic feedback, Howling, Adaptive filter.
Abstract
Performance Analysis of 13 Level Multilevel Inverter for PV Application
Ashly George, T G Sanishkumar
Abstract: Solar power generation is an emerging trend in renewable sources of electricity. A Photovoltaic (PV) system is a system composes one or more solar panels combined with an inverter, other electrical and mechanical hardware which use energy from the Sun to generate electricity. The inverter proposed in this topology is a 13-level multilevel inverter has two DC sources making it an asymmetric multilevel inverter. The DC output from PV module is tracked to maximum power using a MPPT and conditioned through boost converter. This new configuration of asymmetrical multilevel inverters uses capacitors as the DC links to create the levels for staircase waveforms and makes a reduction in DC sources. Hence making it is possible to generate 13 levels with lower and unequal DC sources (2VDC and 1VDC). 13 level multilevel inverter has two chargeable capacitors and 14 semiconductor switches. The capacitors are self-charging without any extra circuit. Hence the lower number of components makes it to use in wide range of applications. Main attraction of this multilevel inverter is the creation of the negative voltage levels without any additional circuit (such as H-bridge circuit). The implementing system will be validated with MATLAB/ Simulink and hardware.
Keywords: Photo Voltaic (PV), Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Perturb and Observe (P&O), Boost converter, 13Level Multilevel Inverter.
Keywords: Photo Voltaic (PV), Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Perturb and Observe (P&O), Boost converter, 13Level Multilevel Inverter.
Abstract
Bi-Directional Power Flow Water Pumping Using UVT Generation Technique
Aswathi Aravind, Anil Kumar V M
Abstract: By considering the limitation of the conventional energy resources, renewable energy plays a dominant role today. An innovator water pumping system is proposed to ensure the bi-directional power flow either from a single-phase ac supply or from a Photo Voltaic system to feed a three phase BLDC motor. One of the biggest benefits of this project is the continued water availability. A Brushless Dc Motor (BLDC) drive without phase current sensors are used here. The system utilises a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) which can draw power either from a solar energy or sinlge phase ac supply to drives BLDC motor drive. A single- phase Voltage Source Converter (VSC) with Unit Vector Template generation (UVT) technique makes the system Bi-directional. To reduce the switching loss VSI is operated at the fundamental frequency. Maximum power can be achieved by PV panel with the help of MPPT. The above system is corroborate in different platform. Here it is completed with MATLAB/Simulink.
Keywords: PV Panel, DC-DC Boost converter, BLDC motor drives, VSI, UVT generation technique.
Keywords: PV Panel, DC-DC Boost converter, BLDC motor drives, VSI, UVT generation technique.
Abstract
Bidirectional Single Stage Three Phase AC-DC Converter
Keerthi N S, Leesha Paul
Abstract: Every battery charger used for electric vehicle should contribute a bidirectional power flow capability. Converter suitable for an energy storage system should have an isolation. Several multi stage topologies are familiar to us which contribute the following application. An AC-DC single stage three phase power converter with high-frequency isolator is discussed here. Mostly Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converters are used because of their high-power density, better efficiency, and application in medium power. Here a bidirectional charger using dual active bridge topology based on the single-stage conversion of AC-DC is presented. The detailed analysis of the system operation with simulation results confirms the analytical predictions.
Keywords: Bidirectional Converter, Dual Active Bridge (DAB), Single-stage Conversion.
Keywords: Bidirectional Converter, Dual Active Bridge (DAB), Single-stage Conversion.
Abstract
Simulation of A Solar Powered Water Pumping System Using Induction Motor
Unnima Unnikrishnan, Aneesh V A
Abstract: Sun is one of the most abundantly available sources of renewable energy, which is the major solution for future energy crisis. In this paper presents solar based water pumping system. The pump system uses two converters. One is a DC-DC boost converter and the other is a three-phase DC-AC inverter. Boost converter used to step up the voltage from PV panel also to obtain constant voltage to the inverter. VSI is used as the inverter and used to provide AC voltage to the motor section. Motor used here is a three-phase induction motor since it shows more advantages concerning of availability and cost. The installation cost of the PV is very high, so when it is installed the next step is to extract maximum power from the panel of installed capacity. Suitable MPPT method is also used. To control the speed of induction motor V/F control method is used. The detailed design and MATLAB /SIMULINK model of the system is given.
Keywords: Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Photo Voltaic (PV), Boost converter, Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), Induction motor drive, V/F control.
Keywords: Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Photo Voltaic (PV), Boost converter, Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), Induction motor drive, V/F control.
Abstract
Performance Comparison of Cuk and M-Cuk Converter on SRM Drive System
Swetha Ravi, Leesha Paul
Abstract: Power factor correction is a method to increase the power factor of the supply and in turn improve the overall power quality of the ac mains supply. Here the control of Switched Reluctance Motor is developed with a power factor correction converter. It utilizes two modified Cuk converter fed Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) drive to improve the power quality. Cuk converters operates separately for two half cycles of supply voltage. Converter is made to operate in discontinuous conduction mode. The power factor correction converter provides a regulated dc input which in turn is used to control the speed of motor. The design is based mostly for low voltage household applications. Comparative performance analysis is done based on MATLAB results.
Keywords: Power Factor Correction (PFC), Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM), Modified-CUK (M-CUK), Diode Bridge Rectifier (DBR).
Keywords: Power Factor Correction (PFC), Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM), Modified-CUK (M-CUK), Diode Bridge Rectifier (DBR).
Abstract
Solar Powered BLDC Fed Air Cooling System
Sajena Basheer A L, K.N Chandra Bose
Abstract: In the present scenario solar energy is at its booming stage. Compare to other resources, the use of solar energy creates great differences in day to day life. This paper proposes a solar-powered BLDC fed air cooling system. With the isolation of solar energy and temperature, the characteristics of the PV module may also change. For every PV system, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) should be included. The solar tracker added a modified perturb and observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm to double- check the efficiency of the system. Here in the paper a simple and efficient solar Photovoltaic (PV) air cooling system fed with BLDC motor drive. This SPV air cooling system consists of power conversion stages. In the first stage, extracts the maximum power from an SPV array by controlling the duty ratio of a DC-DC boost converter. The duty cycle of the boost converter, which maintains the output voltage of the inverter to control the Brushless DC (BLDC) motor to drive the system. A scalar controlled Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) serves the operation of the BLDC motor. The VSI is operated at the fundamental frequency, which minimizes the switching loss. The proposed air cooling is designed to obtain system performance even under dynamic conditions. The effectiveness and performance of the system are evaluated and verified using MATLAB /Simulink platform.
Keywords: Photo Voltaic (PV), Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Perturb and Observe (P&O), Boost converter, VSI, BLDC motor drive.
Keywords: Photo Voltaic (PV), Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Perturb and Observe (P&O), Boost converter, VSI, BLDC motor drive.
Abstract
ZVT Interleaved Boost Converter
Nipuna K V, Tony Thomas
Abstract: ZVT interleaved boost DC/DC converter is a converter in which all the power semiconductor devices operate in soft switching with the help of a secondary switch. Zero voltage soft switching technique is used for the interleaved boost and secondary circuit is operated in zero current switching. The secondary circuit does not impose any extra voltage and current stresses on the converter. The reverse recovery problem of the diodes is also alleviated. The implemented system is validated with MATLAB/Simulink.
Keywords: Coupled inductor, interleaved boost converter, zero current switching, zero voltage switching.
Keywords: Coupled inductor, interleaved boost converter, zero current switching, zero voltage switching.
Abstract
Water Consumption Control and Quality Monitoring System
Dr Jayalakshmi B, A Nandhan, Vishnu P, Akhil Chidambaram R, Thasna S
Abstract: Water is an important parameter for the survival of living thing in our earth. Human bodies are made up of more than 60 percent water. Humans use clean water to drink, grow crops for food and many other domestic purposes. Water is vitally important to every aspect of lives. Thus, water conservation has to be a part of our life. Similarly, monitoring the quality of surface water will help protect our waterways from pollution. Our motivation is to prevent the water by using Instrumentation technologies and the monitoring system uses daily life device like laptop or mobile phone. By using Sensor Technology, it could avoid the huge amount of water is being wasted by uncontrolled usage. A Smart Water consumption control and quality monitoring method is the efficient method for providing a better water management process for the society. The method must be user-friendly and should easy access for the people to know about their resource availability and its proper usage. Sensor Based Water Pollution Detection, it will check the water quality by using these parameters such as the pH level, turbidity and temperature are measured in real time by the sensors and it will be monitoring by an agent.
Keywords: Consumption Control, Quality Management, Sensor, Arduino.
Keywords: Consumption Control, Quality Management, Sensor, Arduino.
Abstract
Control of Automation in Filling Process through Smartphone
Basil Salman C K, Shahil, Rahul Krishnan H, Shafeen K N, Dhanya Raveendran
Abstract: Automation is the different control technique for operating equipment’s such as operation in factories, and other application with reduced human efforts. The filling process consists of a machine that fills liquid such as water or cold drinks. Traditional bottling methods include placing bottles on a conveyor belt and filling only one type of bottle. In this, a water filling machine system is designed for different sized bottles using PLC. The water filling machine system consists of a conveyor belt which runs with the help of a DC motor. The photoelectric sensor gives the information about the position of the bottle and the solenoid valve is used to control the filling process. The PLC plays an important role to implement the automatic filling process. The PLC is programmed using ladder diagram language. It is noted from the current work that it requires less operational cost and less power consumption than the traditional method. Wireless technology uses the technique of communication without using cables and wires. By using wireless technologies people can communicate very long distances. Bluetooth is one of the main wireless technology used in this decade. Here we control the PLC by using a smartphone via a Bluetooth. This introduces the advantage of mobility of control operator over the vicinity of industry.
Keywords: Automation, Bottle filling machine, PLC, smartphone.
Keywords: Automation, Bottle filling machine, PLC, smartphone.
Abstract
Sustainable Method of CNG Production Using Carbon Dioxide and Water
Dr. Vinod V, Mohamed Saheer Marakathel
Abstract: The proposed innovation of sustainable method for producing compressed natural gas (CNG) by the inputs carbon dioxide and water is an advanced chain of production. The carbon dioxide extracted from the atmosphere and the water is collected from the residential areas. The hydrogen gas is extracted from the water, which on reaction with carbon dioxide in presence of catalyst produces methane.
Keywords: Sustainable, water, pollution, carbon dioxide.
Keywords: Sustainable, water, pollution, carbon dioxide.
Abstract
Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Sic, Fly-Ash Reinforced Aluminium Alloy Hybrid Composites
Maraparambil Ramachandran, Dr. K.K.Padmanabhan
Abstract: Aluminium alloys like Adc12 widely used for making composites which were cheap and easily available. It is easy to melt, forge and cast. Fly ash which is easily available and cheap material. Managing and reusing fly ash meant for control of environmental pollutions. Sic and fly ash added to the ADC12 alloys and a new composite were prepared. Composite used here manufactured by squeeze casting techniques by varying the process parameters such as Sic/Fly-ash ratio, melting temperature, squeeze pressure and die temperature. Three levels set up are considered. The experimental trails are reduced to nine by Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Mechanical properties of Composite Specimens manufactured and base metal estimated by various testing, then compared and analysed.
Keywords: Squeeze casting, ADC12 alloy, Fly-Ash, Hybrid Composite.
Keywords: Squeeze casting, ADC12 alloy, Fly-Ash, Hybrid Composite.
Abstract
Identification of Peak Hours of Noise Pollution at Sensitive Locations of Kasaragod District: Impact, Analysis and Control Measures
Solomon Joseph, Jais Jacob, Adarsh K.P, M. Chandrakumar
Abstract: Noise derived from latin word nausea which means annoyance is a silent killer. The present study has focussed on noise measurement on the highway sides from Kanhangad to Kasaragod town premises. A representative data from Kanhangad district hospital area and Kanhangad town area has been taken for the measurement and analysis. Sound level measurement is carried out using the Sound Level Meter (SLM) application installed in Redmi 5s prime mobile phone. The study also aims to create an awareness about noise pollution and its serious effects among the public and to issue guidelines for proper management of noise through vegetations, sound proofing barriers, automatic door systems, noise barriers on the walls and imposing strict rules to control the number of operating vehicles in the area.
Keywords: Noise, Sound Level Meter, Decibel, Noise Measurement.
Keywords: Noise, Sound Level Meter, Decibel, Noise Measurement.
Abstract
Exergy Based Analysis of Gas Liquefaction Cycles
Sijo K K, Rijo Jacob Thomas
Abstract: Cryogenic liquefaction systems has greater importance in recent years due to the application of cryogenic fluids in engineering and other scientific researches on different parts of worlds. The main scope of this systems includes the design, development and improvement of various components in order to provide the best working conditions. A designer has to fix parameters such as number of heat exchangers, working pressures and flow diversions etc. as they play important role in heat transfer. Exergy analysis considered as a useful method to analyse and optimize the design and operation of these liquefaction systems. This study concentrates on exergy analysis of cycles commonly used for the liquefaction of gases in order to evaluate and compare their performance under given working conditions and system component efficiencies. The cycles considered are simple Linde-Hampson cycle, Claude cycle and Collins cycle respectively. Systematic evaluation of important operating parameters has been done to determine the exergy destructions in components as well as in the entire cycles. Compressor pressure, expander flow rates are some of the parameters considered during the analysis. The process flow diagrams, simulations of these cryogenic cycles are done with the help of the simulation tool Aspen HYSYSTM. All calculations are done at steady state and the results hence obtained. Detailed exergy-based analyses are performed upon the various processes and the exergy destruction in each component also found.
Keywords: Exergy, Liquefaction, Heat Exchanger, Expander, Compressor, Pressure.
Keywords: Exergy, Liquefaction, Heat Exchanger, Expander, Compressor, Pressure.
Abstract
Cellular Manufacturing System Design for Multi-Objective Criteria using Meta heuristic Approach
Satheesan M.P, Dr. S.S. Banwait
Abstract: The present work involves Design of a cellular manufacturing system for M/s Sagar Asia Private Limited, Hyderabad, using metaheuristic methods of Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing Algorithm and subsequently to compare the performance evaluation of the said algorithms. M/s Sagar Asia is manufacturing a wide variety of access solutions including Ladders, Mobile Scaffolds, Work Platforms, and Access Solutions. A five-phased methodology was adopted for this study. First phase was the study of metaheuristic methods for cellular manufacturing system design. Manufacturing industries production process was studied in the next phase. Third phase involved collection of manufacturing data. In the fourth phase, a bi-objective mathematical model for cell formation was developed with an objective of designing a cellular manufacturing system by minimizing inter cell material handling cost and minimizing workers penalty cost due to workers varying skill level. A metaheuristic algorithm (Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing Algorithm) has been developed to solve the industrial problem. Fourth phase covers the coding of both algorithms in MATLAB. For solving the developed bi-objective mathematical model different arrangement of machines were considered. Method-I (single type of machine for each cell formation) and method- II (copy of machines were considered for all the cells). Finally, fifth phase covers the performance comparison of both the methods.
Keywords: cellular manufacturing system; Genetic Algorithm (GA); Simulated Annealing Algorithm (SA); Worker Assignment.
Keywords: cellular manufacturing system; Genetic Algorithm (GA); Simulated Annealing Algorithm (SA); Worker Assignment.
Abstract
Skill Development of Polytechnic College Students Through Project-based Learning (PBL), with Special Reference to the ‘Formula Maruti Car Project’ of Department of Automobile Engineering, Government Polytechnic College, Attingal, Kerala
Premjith P, Preetha P.S
Abstract: Project-based Learning (PBL) is a teaching approach that motivates and inspires students to learn and helps them to become self-directed learners and constructors over time. This study examines whether newer skills could be developed and existing skills could be polished, among Polytechnic College students in a Project-based Learning atmosphere. Final Year Diploma Students of Department of Automobile Engineering, Government Polytechnic College, Attingal were assigned to create a racing car from scratch and the outcome is first of its kind created by a Polytechnic College in India! Other than key engineering skills like design and fabrication, all sort of life skills like problem-solving, creativity, collaboration, communication, time management, and responsibility showed an increase.
Keywords: PBL, Constructors, Skills, Creativity.
Keywords: PBL, Constructors, Skills, Creativity.
Abstract
Enhancement of Spectral Efficiency in LTE-Advanced Network through Fractional Frequency Reuse
Kannan M, Jayakrishnaraj G
Abstract: The enhancement of the spectral efficiency of LTE-Advanced network by deploying fractional frequency reuse is one of the major challenges in practical deployment of 4G technology. The FFR can be deployed in LTE network based on the feasibility of cellular network. There are 3 different types of deployment schemes: strict FFR, soft FFR, and FFR- 3 schemes for LTE-Advanced network configuration. In the thesis work a variation of the FFR-3 scheme, which is referred to as the dynamic FFR (DFFR) scheme, is proposed. A broad comparison among all these FFR schemes is performed by using Monte Carlo simulations considering performance metrics such as Average throughput in uplink and downlink of LTE network and spectral efficiency. Simulation results show that the average gain in spectral efficiency (b/s/Hz) of the network are significantly higher for the proposed FFR scheme when compared to the conventional FFR scheme in LTE Advanced network.
Keywords: Dynamic Fractional Frequency reuse, Self-optimization network of LTE, Enhanced Spectral efficiency in LTE advanced network, Improvement in FFR, Frequency deployment in 4G Technology
Keywords: Dynamic Fractional Frequency reuse, Self-optimization network of LTE, Enhanced Spectral efficiency in LTE advanced network, Improvement in FFR, Frequency deployment in 4G Technology
Abstract
Measurement and Comparison of the Total Response of Bio-fuelled CI Engine with & without an additive
P.V.CHANDRAN
Abstract: Availability of pure air is everyone’s right, not only of the human beings but all animals living on the globe. The main source which pollutes the air is exhaust emissions from diesel engines. Also, the extensive use of fossil fuels results in its depletion and increase of green house gases and global warming. In this present context, the use of bio diesel produced from waste coconut oil is analyzed and conducted an experimental investigation of its performance and emission characteristics while using in a diesel engine with and without the additive. The additive used is 1heptanol which is readily available. The load test is conducted at different fuel injection pressure and angle and for B20, B40, B50, and B100 blends with 5%, 10% and 15% of heptanol. The doping of additive and higher injection pressure and angle gives better results, in both performance and emissions. Hence waste coconut oil biodiesel with heptanol can successfully be substituted for diesel fuel in future.
Keywords: Waste Coconut Oil, Biodiesel, Injection Pressure, Injection Angle, Heptanol.
Keywords: Waste Coconut Oil, Biodiesel, Injection Pressure, Injection Angle, Heptanol.
Abstract
Trailer Tow-Bar with Tilting and Anti-Rolling Provision
A.V. Sivasubramaniyan
Abstract: In my project, the trailer tilting is controlled by the driver with respective to the front wheel turning, which in term trailer steering system is added and in additional Anti-Rolling provision is used to control the slippage and rolling of the trailer in this way the goods and driver are away from the danger of offset and loss of lives. It has a major scope of reducing the driver’s strain with the help of trailer steering system that the trailer is under the control of vehicle steering system, which resists it from improper turning and increased bonding between the vehicle and the trailer, the trailer stability is increased. Nowadays, demand of skilled driver’s is high by adding this feature it will reduce that demands and make an opportunity for unskilled drivers to drive easily without any restrictions or experience of driving towing vehicles. Mahindra & Mahindra is an India’s largest manufacturer of tractors, who introduces the driver less tractors for ploughing with the help of AI (Artificial Intelligence). But they couldn’t achieve it for towing in roads because of the difficulty in reverse, stability and braking. These difficulties can be rectified with the help of my project.